pbd 3 
f ‘c/(192000XL 3)In general, most equipment loads comprise of shipping weight or erection weight, operating weight and/or test weight. In addition, short-term loads such as wind, earthquake, snow and other natural forces may act on the equipment.
In calculating additional loads on the equipment under operating conditions, you may want to add a percentage of shipping weight due to piping, insulation and other peripherals that are usually attached to the equipment to the operating loads.
A horizontal exchanger is a heat exchanger that transfers heat from a warmer medium to a cooler medium. In addition to the general loads mentioned above, an exchanger may be subjected to other loads such as:
Thermal load is longitudinally acting load on the anchored or fixed end of the exchanger. The longitudinal force on the top of the pier/column as a result of the thermal load is determined based on a number of factors such as the distance between the exchanger saddles, exchanger design temperature, height of the pier etc.
Thermal load is based on the shell side design temperature of the heat exchanger. The program calculates the longitudinal force due to thermal load on the top of the pier as lesser of the following:
i) The vertical load on the pier at the slotted end of the exchanger multiplied by the friction coefficient between the saddle and the slide plate.
ii) The force to deflect the pier an amount equal to one half the thermal growth of the exchanger between the saddles given by
Ft = F(Ec, deltaT, fc, H)
Ft = 11w 1.5 pbd 3 f ‘c/(192000XL 3)
= Ecpbd 3/(64000XL 3)
Ft = Force on the pier (Kips)
p = Deflection at top of the pier due to shell design temperature
b = width of the pier (Feet)
d = Thickness of the pier (Inches)
L = Height of the pier above mat (Feet)
W = Concrete density (pcf)
f ‘c = Concrete compressive strength (psi)
Ec = Modulus of Elasticity of concrete (psi)
b) Bundle Pull Loads
Bundle Pull load is a longitudinally acting load at the centerline of the exchanger. It is usually assumed to be a certain percentage of the bundle weight. The percent of bundle weight to be applied as lateral force is specified in the Exchanger data dialog. This lateral force is applied at the centerline of the exchanger. If one-half the bundle pull load exceeds the friction load on one pier, the entire bundle pull load is applied to the fixed pier. If you want to apply the entire bundle pull force to the fixed pier regardless of the friction value, you can check the option “Apply Full Bundle Pull Shear to Fixed Pier” in the “Horizontal Exchanger Data” dialog.
In case of stacked exchangers, Foundation3D automatically determines the worst condition for bundle pull cases. Under certain conditions of bundle pull configuration, it is possible that two different exchangers may cause the worst conditions for axial loads and shears on the pier. In such cases, two different bundle pull load cases are considered. The exchanger number that causes the worst bundle pull load case is tagged to the “Bundle Pull” load case at the end. For eg if Exchanger 1 (bottommost) causes the worst shear value on the pier, the bundle pull load case will be named “Bundle Pull1”.
Please note that prior to version 3.2, the percent of bundle pull load applied as lateral force was applied on one pier. Therefore if you open foundation design projects created with older version, you must double the value in the text field by “Percent of bundle pull applied as force” in order to generate equivalent lateral force on the entire system.
The pier/column to exchanger saddle connection is considered pinned for all longitudinal loading conditions and is considered fixed for all transverse-loading conditions.
The default load cases for a horizontal exchanger foundation that Founation3D generates are code-dependent and also on the equipment geometry. For eg if the equipment geometry does not have any wind loads, then the default load cases will not contain any load cases with wind or if the equipment geometry contains a non-zero value of say Test weight, a test load case will be generated.
The default allowable (unfactored) or ultimate (factored) load combinations for an exchanger foundation generated by Foundation3D depend on the concrete design code and the version of the code selected.
In addition to the general loads - shipping, operating and test loads mentioned above, a horizontal vessel may be subjected to thermal load as described under Horizontal exchanger.
For default load cases, allowable load combinations and ultimate load combinations that the program generates for a horizontal vessel foundation refer to the horizontal exchanger section above.
A vertical vessel or tower is subjected to the loading conditions mentioned above under general loads. However, diagonal loads such as those due to wind or earthquake is considered in design.
The default allowable (unfactored) or ultimate (factored) load combinations for a vertical vessel foundation generated by Foundation3D depend on the concrete design code and the version of the code selected.